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with a garrison

  • 1 garrison

    [ˈgærɪsn]
    1. noun
    a number of soldiers, for guarding a fortress, town etc.
    حامِيَه من الجُنود
    2. adjective

    a garrison town.

    مينَة حامِيَه
    3. verb
    to supply (a town etc) with troops to guard it.
    يُزَوِّد المَدينَه بِحامِيَه

    Arabic-English dictionary > garrison

  • 2 praesidium

    praesĭdĭum, ii, n. [praeses].
    I.
    Lit., a presiding over; hence, defence, protection, help, aid, assistance; esp. of soldiers who are to serve as a guard, garrison, escort, or convoy:

    proficisci praesidio suis,

    Nep. Ages. 3:

    praesidio esse alicui,

    id. ib. 7: Caes. B. G. 1, 44:

    hanc sibi rem praesidio sperant futuram,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 65, § 167:

    tectus praesidio firmo amicorum,

    id. Sull. 18, 51:

    absque me foret et meo praesidio, etc.,

    Plaut. Pers. 5, 2, 61:

    ut meae stultitiae in justitiā tuā sit aliquid praesidii,

    Ter. Heaut. 4, 1, 33:

    in tutelā ac praesidio bellicae virtutis,

    Cic. Mur. 10, 22:

    Veneris praesidio ferox,

    Hor. C. 1, 15, 13.—Esp. of soldiers acting as a guard, convoy, escort:

    legiones, quae praesidio impedimentis erant,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 19:

    regale,

    Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 30.—
    II.
    Transf.
    A.
    That which aids, defends, or protects, defence, assistance, protection:

    ad hoc ipsum judicium cum praesidio venit,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 5, 13:

    armatorum,

    id. Phil. 2, 44, 112; cf.:

    O et praesidium,

    protector, Hor. C. 1, 1, 2:

    quantum praesidium perdis,

    Verg. A. 11, 58.—
    2.
    In partic., in milit. lang., those who by their presence protect a place, a camp, or a supply of arms or provisions, a guard, garrison, convoy, escort, troops, soldiers, etc.:

    praesidium est dictum, quia extra castra praesidebant loco aliquo, quo tutior regio esset,

    Varr. L. L. 5, § 90 Müll.:

    occupatoque oppido, ibi praesidium collocat,

    garrison, Caes. B. G. 1, 38:

    (turres) praesidiis firmare,

    with a garrison, with troops, Sall. J. 23, 1:

    quam (Italiam) praesidiis confirmaretis,

    Cic. Agr. 1, 5, 16:

    obsidere atque occupare,

    id. ib. 2, 28, 75:

    ex oppido educere,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 13:

    dimittere,

    Cic. Fam. 2, 17, 3:

    oppido imponere,

    Liv. 24, 7:

    praesidium dedit, ut eo tuto perveniret,

    an escort, Nep. Ep. 4, 5:

    praesidium ex arce expellere,

    a garrison, id. ib. 10, 3:

    praesidium ex regionibus depellere,

    id. Paus. 2, 1:

    praesidia interficere,

    troops, id. Milt. 4, 1:

    praesidia custodiasque disponere,

    posts, pickets, Caes. B. G. 7, 55:

    Italia tota armis praesidiisque tenetur,

    troops, Cic. Att. 9, 3, 1:

    praesidia deducere,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 33:

    galeatum ponit ubique Praesidium,

    Juv. 8, 239.—
    B.
    Any place occupied by troops, as a hill, a camp, etc.; a post, station, intrenchment, fortification, camp:

    qui propter metum praesidium relinquit,

    leaves his post, Cic. Tusc. 3, 8, 17:

    praesidio decedere,

    Liv. 4, 29:

    procul in praesidio esse,

    Nep. Timol. 1, 4:

    praesidium occupare et munire,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 45:

    cohortes ex proximis praesidiis deductae,

    id. B. G. 7, 87:

    milites in praesidiis disponere,

    id. ib. 7, 34:

    in praesidiis esse,

    in the camp, with the army, Cic. Lig. 9, 28:

    in adversariorum praesidiis,

    id. Rosc. Am. 43, 126:

    posito castello super vestigia paterni praesidii,

    fort, Tac. A. 1, 56:

    obsidium coepit per praesidia,

    redoubts, id. ib. 4, 49.— Trop.:

    de praesidio et statione vitae decedere,

    Cic. Sen. 26, 73.—
    C.
    In gen., aid, help, assistance of any kind, Plaut. Pers. 1, 3, 45:

    quod satis esset praesidii, dedit,

    every thing needful for his support and safety, Nep. Them. 8, 5:

    quaerere sibi praesidia periculis, et adjumenta honoribus,

    Cic. Imp. Pomp. 24, 70:

    magnum sibi praesidium ad beatam vitam comparare,

    id. Tusc. 2, 1, 2:

    omnibus vel naturae, vel doctrinae praesidiis ad dicendum parati,

    id. de Or. 1, 9, 38:

    me biremis praesidio scaphae tutum aura feret,

    Hor. C. 3, 29, 62:

    ad praesidium aquae calidae decurritur,

    Col. 12, 50:

    praesidia afferre navem factura minorem,

    Juv. 12, 56.— Trop., defence, protection, help:

    fortissimum praesidium pudoris,

    Cic. Sull. 28, 77:

    insigne maestis praesidium reis,

    Hor. C. 2, 1, 13:

    si qua aliunde putas rerum exspectanda tuarum, Praesidia,

    Juv. 7, 23.—
    2.
    In partic., a remedy against diseases:

    aurium morbis praesidium est,

    Plin. 22, 22, 44, § 90:

    contra serpentes praesidio esse,

    id. 28, 4, 7, § 35.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > praesidium

  • 3 guarnición

    f.
    1 garnishment, garniture, decoration, facing.
    2 side dish, trimming.
    3 military station, garrison.
    * * *
    1 (gen) decoration, trimmings plural
    2 (de joya) setting
    ■ bistec con guarnición steak with vegetables/chips/salad etc
    4 MILITAR garrison
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=acto) [de proveer] equipment, provision; [de adornar] adorning; (Culin) garnishing
    2) (=adorno) [gen] adornment; (Cos) trimming; (Culin) garnish; [de frenos] lining; [de joya] setting, mount; [de espada] guard
    3) pl guarniciones [de caballo] harness sing ; (=equipo) gear sing ; [de casa] fittings, fixtures
    4) (Mil) garrison
    5) [de pared] plastering
    * * *
    1) (Mil) garrison
    2) (Coc) ( decoración) garnish; ( verdura) accompaniment
    3) ( en costura) trimming, edging; ( de joya) setting; ( de espada) guard
    4) guarniciones femenino plural ( arreos) tack
    * * *
    ----
    * guarnición de madera = wooden furniture.
    * guarnición de metal = metal furniture.
    * guarniciones = horse trappings, horse tack.
    * * *
    1) (Mil) garrison
    2) (Coc) ( decoración) garnish; ( verdura) accompaniment
    3) ( en costura) trimming, edging; ( de joya) setting; ( de espada) guard
    4) guarniciones femenino plural ( arreos) tack
    * * *
    * guarnición de madera = wooden furniture.
    * guarnición de metal = metal furniture.
    * guarniciones = horse trappings, horse tack.
    * * *
    A ( Mil) garrison
    B ( Coc)
    1 (decoración) garnish
    2 (verdura) accompaniment
    C
    1 (en costura) trimming, edging
    2 (de una joya) setting
    * * *

    guarnición sustantivo femenino
    1 Culin garnish: el asado lleva una guarnición de brócoli y patatas paja, the roast is garnished with broccoli and potato straws
    2 Mil garrison: los soldados llegaron rendidos a la guarnición después de la dura experiencia, the soldiers returned exhausted to the garrison after a rough time
    ' guarnición' also found in these entries:
    English:
    garnish
    - garrison
    - trimming
    * * *
    1. [adorno] decoration;
    [de ropa] trimming
    2. [de plato] garnish
    3. Mil garrison
    4.
    guarniciones [arreos] tack
    5. [de espada] guard
    * * *
    f
    1 GASTR accompaniment;
    con guarnición with garnish
    2 MIL garrison
    * * *
    1) : garnish
    2) : garrison
    3) : decoration, trimming, setting (of a jewel)
    * * *

    Spanish-English dictionary > guarnición

  • 4 guarnecer

    v.
    1 to decorate.
    Guarnecimos el gimnasio para la fiesta We garnished the gym for the party.
    3 to be garrisoned in (military) (vigilar).
    4 to provide, to furnish.
    Guarnecimos la tienda We provided the store.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ AGRADECER], like link=agradecer agradecer
    1 (decorar) to adorn, decorate; (en cocina) to garnish
    2 (proveer) to provide (de, with)
    3 MILITAR to garrison
    4 (en construcción) to plaster
    5 (joya) to set
    6 (caballo) to harness
    * * *
    verb
    1) to adorn, decorate
    * * *
    VT
    1) (=proveer) to equip, provide; (=adornar) to adorn, garnish; (Cos) to trim; (Téc) to cover, protect, reinforce; [+ frenos] to line; [+ joya] to set, mount; [+ caballo] to harness
    2) (Culin) to garnish
    3) (Mil) to man, garrison
    4) (Arquit) [+ pared] to plaster, stucco
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (liter) ( adornar)
    b) (Coc) to garnish
    2) < plaza> to garrison
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (liter) ( adornar)
    b) (Coc) to garnish
    2) < plaza> to garrison
    * * *
    guarnecer [E3 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ( liter) (adornar) guarnecer algo DE algo to adorn sth WITH sth ( liter)
    una corona guarnecida de brillantes a crown adorned o set with diamonds
    un vestido guarnecido de encajes a dress trimmed with lace
    2 ( Coc) to garnish
    guarnecido con verduras del tiempo garnished with seasonal vegetables
    B ‹plaza› to garrison
    * * *

    guarnecer ( conjugate guarnecer) verbo transitivo (Coc) to garnish
    guarnecer verbo transitivo
    1 Culin to garnish
    2 (dotar) to provide [de, with]
    3 Mil to garrison
    * * *
    1. [adornar] to decorate;
    [ropa] to trim;
    guarneció la habitación de cortinas verdes she finished the room off with green curtains
    2. [plato] to garnish
    3. Mil [vigilar] to garrison
    * * *
    v/t
    1 adorn (de with)
    2 GASTR garnish ( con with)
    * * *
    guarnecer {53} vt
    1) : to adorn
    2) : to garnish
    3) : to garrison

    Spanish-English dictionary > guarnecer

  • 5 Besatzung

    f
    1. MIL. (Besatzer) occupying forces Pl.; (Garnison) garrison; Zustand: occupation
    2. NAUT., FLUG. crew; mit fünf Mann Besatzung with a crew of five
    * * *
    die Besatzung
    garrison; crew; occupying force
    * * *
    Be|sạt|zung
    f
    1) (= Mannschaft) crew; (= Verteidigungstruppe) garrison
    2) (= Besatzungsarmee) occupying army or forces pl
    * * *
    (the group of people who work or operate a ship, aeroplane, bus etc.) crew
    * * *
    Be·sat·zung
    <-, -en>
    [bəˈzatsʊŋ]
    f
    1. (Mannschaft) crew
    2. MIL occupation; (Besatzungsarmee) occupying army [or forces pl
    3. MIL (Verteidigungstruppe) troops, garrison
    * * *
    1) (Mannschaft) crew
    2) (Milit.) occupying troops pl. or forces pl
    * * *
    1. MIL (Besatzer) occupying forces pl; (Garnison) garrison; Zustand: occupation
    2. SCHIFF, FLUG crew;
    mit fünf Mann Besatzung with a crew of five
    * * *
    1) (Mannschaft) crew
    2) (Milit.) occupying troops pl. or forces pl
    * * *
    f.
    troops n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Besatzung

  • 6 plaza

    intj.
    clear the way, out of the way.
    f.
    1 square.
    la plaza del pueblo the village o town square
    plaza mayor main square
    2 place (sitio).
    tenemos plazas limitadas there are a limited number of places available
    plaza de aparcamiento parking space
    3 seat (asiento).
    un vehículo de dos plazas a two-seater vehicle
    4 position, job (puesto de trabajo).
    está buscando una plaza de médico she's looking for a position as a doctor
    plaza vacante vacancy
    5 market, marketplace (mercado).
    7 plaza, public place, public square, square.
    8 room, berth.
    9 post, job, position.
    10 vacancy, opening.
    11 public space with trees.
    * * *
    2 (mercado) marketplace
    4 (puesto de trabajo) position, vacancy
    5 (fortaleza) stronghold
    \
    plaza de armas parade ground
    plaza de parking parking space
    plaza de toros bullring
    plaza mayor main square
    * * *
    noun f.
    3) place, seat
    * * *
    SF
    1) [entre calles] square
    2) (=mercado) market, market place
    3) (=espacio) [gen] room, space; [de vehículo] seat

    ¡plaza! — make way!

    plaza de atraque — berth, mooring

    4) (=puesto de trabajo) [gen] post; (=vacante) vacancy

    sentar plaza — (Mil) to enlist, sign on (de as)

    5) † (=ciudad) town, city
    6) (tb: plaza fuerte) (Mil) fortress, fortified town; (Pol) stronghold
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( espacio abierto) square
    b) (Taur) bullring

    el toro que abrió/cerró plaza — the first/last bull

    2) (esp AmL) ( bolsa) market
    3) (Esp) ( mercado) market (place)
    4) ( ciudad)
    a) (Mil) garrison town
    b) (frml) (Corresp)

    en dicha plaza — in the abovementioned city/town

    5)
    a) ( puesto - de trabajo) post, position; (- en una clase, universidad) place
    b) ( asiento) seat
    •
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( espacio abierto) square
    b) (Taur) bullring

    el toro que abrió/cerró plaza — the first/last bull

    2) (esp AmL) ( bolsa) market
    3) (Esp) ( mercado) market (place)
    4) ( ciudad)
    a) (Mil) garrison town
    b) (frml) (Corresp)

    en dicha plaza — in the abovementioned city/town

    5)
    a) ( puesto - de trabajo) post, position; (- en una clase, universidad) place
    b) ( asiento) seat
    •
    * * *
    plaza1
    1 = square, quadrangle, piazza, concourse.

    Ex: The secretary pointed out that all main approaches to the city lead to the courthouse square, the hub of the city's business district.

    Ex: Some of the questions to ask ourselves are will people walk up or down stairs, across quadrangles, etc just to visit the library?.
    Ex: This is a nine part essay exploring the nature and potential of public space, ranging from piazzas to roofed and climate-controlled places to parking lots.
    Ex: The station has a single large concourse populated with the usual assortment of shops and eateries.
    * banco de plaza = park bench.
    * plaza de armas = parade ground.
    * plaza de desfiles = parade ground.
    * plaza del mercado = market square.
    * plaza del pueblo = town square.
    * plaza de toros = bullring.

    plaza2
    2 = seat.

    Ex: After a brief coffee break the department heads resumed their seats.

    * admitir un número de reservas mayor a las plazas existentes = overbook.
    * plaza de profesor = professorship.
    * plazas = seating.
    * sofá de dos plazas = love seat, two-seater sofa.
    * sofá de tres plazas = three-seater sofa.

    * * *
    A
    2 ( Taur) bullring
    el toro que abrió/cerró plaza the first/last bull
    Compuestos:
    ( Mil) parade ground; (lugar público) ( Andes) main square
    bullring
    main square
    B ( esp AmL) (bolsa) market
    un producto de lo mejor que hay en plaza one of the best products on the market
    C ( Méx) (mercado) market, market place
    hacer la plaza to do the shopping
    1 ( Mil) city, town ( usually fortified)
    el enemigo sitió la plaza the enemy laid siege to o besieged the town
    tuvieron que rendir or entregar la plaza they had to surrender
    2 ( frml) ( Corresp):
    nuestro representante en la plaza our local representative
    en dicha plaza in the abovementioned city/town
    Compuestos:
    enclave
    (con obras de defensa) fortified town; (con soldados) garrison town
    E
    1 (puesto — de trabajo) post, position; (— en una clase, universidad) place
    concurso para cubrir una plaza de profesor adjunto selection procedure to fill the position of assistant lecturer
    hay varias plazas vacantes there are several vacancies
    no quedan plazas en ese curso there are no places left in ( AmE) o ( BrE) on that course
    2 (asiento) seat
    ¿queda alguna plaza para el vuelo del sábado? are there any seats left for the Saturday flight?
    un sofá de tres plazas a three-seater sofa
    un coche de cinco plazas a car that seats five
    Compuestos:
    parking space
    parking space
    * * *

     

    Multiple Entries:
    Pl.    
    Pza.    
    plaza
    Pl. (
    ◊ Plaza) Sq, Square

    Pza. sustantivo femenino (Plaza) Sq
    plaza sustantivo femenino
    1 ( espacio abierto) square;


    ( lugar público) (Andes) main square;

    plaza mayor main square
    2
    a) (esp AmL) ( bolsa) market


    3

    (en una clase, universidad) place;


    plaza sustantivo femenino
    1 (espacio abierto) square
    2 (mercado) market, marketplace
    3 (de toros) bullring
    4 (asiento) seat: solo queda una plaza libre en el avión, there's only one seat left on the plane
    5 (laboral) post
    6 Mil garrison o fortified town
    ' plaza' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abuela
    - amable
    - cubierta
    - cubierto
    - desierta
    - desierto
    - localidad
    - alojar
    - altura
    - cama
    - citar
    - cubrir
    - cupo
    - desembocar
    - esquina
    - fortificar
    - glorieta
    - optar
    - Pl.
    - Pza.
    - recobrar
    - remodelar
    - sitio
    - solicitar
    - vacante
    - zócalo
    English:
    arena
    - bay
    - bomb
    - bullring
    - centre
    - main
    - marketplace
    - off
    - parade ground
    - place
    - ring
    - seat
    - seethe
    - set down
    - square
    - unreserved
    - accommodation
    - bull
    - garrison
    - green
    - market
    - over
    - park
    - plaza
    - single
    * * *
    plaza nf
    1. [en una población] square;
    la plaza del pueblo the village o town square
    plaza mayor main square;
    plaza del mercado market square;
    la Plaza Roja [de Moscú] Red Square
    2. [sitio] place;
    tenemos plazas limitadas there are a limited number of places available
    plaza de aparcamiento parking space;
    plaza de garaje parking space [in a private garage]
    3. [asiento] seat;
    un vehículo de dos/cinco plazas a two-seater/five-seater vehicle
    4. [puesto de trabajo] position, job;
    está buscando una plaza de médico he's looking for a position as a doctor;
    han sido cubiertas todas las plazas all the positions have been filled
    plaza vacante vacancy
    5. [mercado] market, marketplace;
    el producto que usted busca no está más en plaza the product you are looking for is no longer on the market
    7. Com [zona] area
    8. [fortificación] plaza de armas parade ground;
    plaza fuerte stronghold
    * * *
    f
    1 ( glorieta) square
    2 en vehículo seat;
    de dos plazas two-seater atr
    3 de trabajo position; ( vacante) job opening, Br
    vacancy
    * * *
    plaza nf
    1) : square, plaza
    2) : marketplace
    3) : room, space, seat (in a vehicle)
    4) : post, position
    5)
    plaza fuerte : stronghold, fortified city
    6)
    plaza de toros : bullring
    * * *
    2. (mercado) market
    3. (asiento) seat
    4. (sitio) place
    5. (empleo) post

    Spanish-English dictionary > plaza

  • 7 praesidium

        praesidium ī, n    [praeses], defence, protection, guardianship, help, aid, assistance: proficisci praesidio suis, N.: amicitiam populi R. sibi praesidio esse oportere, Cs.: tectus praesidio firmo amicorum: Ut meae stultitiae in iustitiā tuā sit aliquid praesidi, T.: Veneris praesidio ferox, H.— A guard, escort, convoy, garrison: ad iudicium cum praesidio venit: omnium bonorum praesidio ornatus: servorum praesidio uti: regale, H.: occupatoque oppido, ibi praesidium conlocat, garrison, Cs.: (turrīs) praesidiis firmare, with troops, S.: praesidium dedit, ut tuto perveniret, escort, N.: praesidium ex arce expellere, garrison, N.: praesidia interficere, troops, N.: praesidia custodiasque disponere, picket guards, Cs.: galeatum, Iu.: O et praesidium et dulce decus meum, H.: quantum Praesidium perdis, V.— An occupied place, post, station, intrenchment, fortification, camp: in praesidio conlocatus, on guard: qui propter metum praesidium relinquit, leaves his post: praesidio discedere, L.: procul in praesidio esse, N.: praesidium occupare et munire, Cs.: milites in praesidiis disponere, Cs.: in praesidiis esse, with the army.—Aid, help, assistance: quod satis esset praesidi dedit, what was needful for his support and safety, N.: quaerere sibi praesidia periculis: me biremis praesidio scaphae Tutum... Aura feret, H.: fortissimum pudoris: aliunde rerum exspectanda tuarum Praesidia, encouragement, Iu.
    * * *
    protection; help; guard; garrison, detachment

    Latin-English dictionary > praesidium

  • 8 garnizon

    m (G garnizonu) Wojsk. garrison (+ v sg/pl), post US
    - dostarczać żywność dla garnizonu to supply a garrison with provisions
    * * *
    - nu; -ny; loc sg - nie; m
    WOJSK garrison
    * * *
    mi
    wojsk. garrison.

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > garnizon

  • 9 sédentaire

    sédentaire [sedɑ̃tεʀ]
    adjective
    * * *
    sedɑ̃tɛʀ
    1.
    1) gén [vie, travail, personne] sedentary
    2) [population] geographically stable; Armée [troupes] garrison(ed) (épith)

    2.
    1) ( dans le travail) person with a sedentary ou desk job; ( casanier) stay-at-home GB, homebody US
    2)
    * * *
    sedɑ̃tɛʀ adj
    * * *
    A adj
    1 gén [vie, travail, personne] sedentary; emploi sédentaire sedentary ou desk job;
    2 Anthrop [population] geographically stable;
    3 Mil [troupes] garrison(ed) ( épith).
    B nmf
    1 Entr person with a sedentary ou desk job;
    2 ( casanier) stay-at-home GB, homebody US;
    3 Anthrop les sédentaires the indigenous population.
    [sedɑ̃tɛr] adjectif
    1. [travail, habitude] sedentary
    [employé] desk-bound
    ————————
    [sedɑ̃tɛr] nom masculin et féminin
    [personne] sedentary person

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > sédentaire

  • 10 in

       in    [old indu], prep. with acc. or abl.    I. With acc., in space, with verbs implying entrance, into, to: in Epirum venire: in flumen deicere: in Ubios legatos mittere, Cs.: Thalam pervenit, in oppidum magnum, S.—Fig.: in memoriam reducere: in animum inducere, L.: dicam quod mi in mentemst, T.—With verbs of motion, up to, to, into, down to: in caelum ascendere: in aram confugitis ad deum, up to the altar: vas in manūs sumere, into his hands: se in manūs Romanis tradidisse, L.—With verbs of rest or placing, in: adesse in senatum iussit: Minucius in custodiam habitus, thrown into prison and kept there, L.: propinquas suas nuptum in alias civitates conlocasse, Cs.—Of direction or local relation, towards, in front of, over against: in orientem Germaniae obtenditur, Ta.: coram in os te laudare, T.: castra movet in Arvernos versus, towards, Cs.: in Galliam versus movere, S.—In time, into, till, for: dormiet in lucem, till broad day, H.: in multum diei, L.: e somno, quem in diem extrahunt, Ta.: indutias in triginta annos impetraverunt, for thirty years, L.: in omne tempus, forever: hominem invitavit in posterum diem, for the following day.— In adverbial expressions with words of time: sancit in posterum, ne quis, etc., hereafter: res dilata est in posterum, to a later day: et in praesentia hi et in futurum metum ceperunt, L.: in perpetuum fore: non in tempus aliquod, sed in aeternum, L.: ex raptis in diem commeatibus, for immediate use, L.: fundum emere in diem, i. e. a fixed day of payment, N.: in dies singulos, each succeeding day: in dies, day by day, L.: nos in diem vivimus, for the moment: in diem et horam, every day, H.: in horas, hourly, H.—Of reference, in relation to, about, respecting, towards, against: id, quod est in philosophos dictum, concerning: carmen, quod in eum scripsisset: in liberos nostros indulgentia: impietates in deos, against: in dominum quaeri, as a witness against: invehi in Thebanos, N.: hominis definitio una in omnīs valet, applies to: in obsequium pronus, H.: in utrumque paratus, V.: in incertum, ne, etc., in view of the uncertainty, whether, L.—Of purpose, for, with a view to: haec civitas mulieri in redimiculum praebeat: Regium in praesidium missa legio, as a garrison, L.: in gratiam sociorum, to gratify, L.: Quos audere in proelia vidi, V.: praemia, in quorum spem pugnarent, L.: in spem pacis solutis animis, L.: Ingrata misero vita ducenda est in hoc, ut, etc., H.: satis in usum, for immediate wants, L. —Of result, to, unto, so as to produce: in familiae luctum nupsit: Excisum Euboicae latus ingens rupis in antrum, V.: commutari ex veris in falsa. —In the phrases, in tantum, so far, so greatly: nec In tantum spe tollet avos, V.: in tantum suam felicitatem enituisse, L.—In rem esse, to be useful, avail: si in rem est Bacchidis, T.: imperat, quae in rem sunt, L.: in rem fore credens universos adpellare, S.—Of manner, according to, after: ille in eam sententiam versus, to this effect: in utramque partem disputat, on both sides: cives servilem in modum cruciati, like slaves: vaticinantis in modum canere, L.: virtutem in maius celebrare, S.: in hanc formulam iudicia: sc. in haec verba factum, L.: in universum, in general, L.: in universum aestimanti, upon a general view, Ta.—Of distribution, into, for, according to: Gallia divisa est in partīs trīs, Cs.: describebat censores binos in singulas civitates, i. e. for each state: sextantibus conlatis in capita, a head, L.—Praegn.: in eorum potestatem portum futurum intellegebant. would fall: in potestatem Locrensium esse, L.    II. With abl., of space, in, within: in cerebro animi esse sedem: quae res in nostris castris gererentur, Cs.: in foro palam Syracusis: (caedes) in viā facta: nupta in domo, L.: copias in castris continent, Cs.: in tuā sedeculā sedere: Heri coīmus in Piraeo, T.: navis et in Caietā parata.—Of position, on, upon, over, among, before, in, under: in equo sedens, on horseback: in eo flumine pons erat, over, Cs.: multā te in rosā urget, H.: Caesaris in barbaris erat nomen obscurius, among, Cs.: in Brutiis praeesse, L.: in manu poculum tenens: est in manibus oratio: gloria in oculis sita, S.: populari in oculis eius agros, under, L.—In, with, wearing, under, clad, covered: in veste candidā, L.: in lugubri veste, Cu.: homines in catenis Romam mittere, L.: in violā aut in rosā, garlanded: legiones in armis, Cs.—Of a multitude or number, in, among, of: In his poëta hic nomen profitetur suom, T.: sapientissimus in septem: eum in tuis habere: iustissimus unus in Teucris, V.—Of writings, in: in populorum institutis aut legibus: in Timaeo dicit: perscribit in litteris, hostīs ab se discessisse, Cs.: in Thucydide orbem modo orationis desidero, in the style of.—Fig., of mind or character, in: in animo habere: quanta auctoritas fuit in Metello!: in omni animante est summum aliquid.—In phrases, with manibus or manu, at hand, under control, within reach: quamcunque rem habent in manibus: neque mihi in manu fuit Iugurtha qualis foret, in my power, S.: cum tantum belli in manibus esset, on their hands, L.: quorum epistulas in manu teneo.—With loco: in eo loco, in that state, in such a condition: in eo enim loco res sunt nostrae, ut, etc., L.: quo in loco res esset, cognoscere, Cs.: quod ipse, si in eodem loco esset, facturus fuerit, L.—In eo esse ut, etc., to be in such a condition, etc.: cum in eo esset, ut, etc., the situation was such, L.—Of time, in, during, in the course of, within: in tempore hoc, T.: in tali tempore, L.: in diebus paucis, T.: Tam in brevi spatio, T.: in omni aetate: in totā vitā inconstans.—In, while, during: fit, ut distrahatur in deliberando animus: in dividendo partem in genere numerare: in agris vastandis, in laying waste, Cs.: cum in immolandā Iphigeniā tristis Calchas esset.—In phrases, in tempore, in time, at the right time, seasonably: ipsum video in tempore huc se recipere, T.: spreta in tempore gloria interdum cumulatior redit, L.—In praesentiā, at present, now, for the moment, under existing circumstances: sic enim mihi in praesentiā occurrit: id quod unum maxime in praesentiā desiderabatur, L.—In praesenti, for the present: haec ad te in praesenti scripsi, ut, etc.: talenta centum in praesenti, down, L.—Of condition or occupation, in, subject to, affected by, experiencing, engaged in, involved in: magno in aere alieno: torpescentne dextrae in amentiā illā? L.: diem in laetitiā degere, T.: civitas, quae tibi in amore fuit, beloved: in invidiā esse, L.: quod in summis tuis occupationibus voluisti, etc., when engrossed by: in eo magistratu pari diligentiā se praebuit, N.: esse in vitio, in the wrong: hoc est in vitio, perhorrescere, etc., is wrong.—In the case of, in relation to: numcubi meam Benignitatem sensisti in te claudier? in your case (i. e. towards you), T.: facere in eo, cuius, etc., in the case of the man, Cs.: in furibus aerari, S.: Achilles talis in hoste fuit, V.: in hoc homine saepe a me quaeris, etc., in the case of.— In phrases, with summā, in all, in a word, in fine: in omni summā me ad pacem converto.—With neut. sing. of an adj. (expressing more abstractly the quality): cum exitūs haud in facili essent (i. e. haud faciles), L.: in obscuro vitam habere, S.: in dubio esse, L.: in integro esse: in tuto esse, L.: in aequo esse, L.: in aperto esse, S.: in promisco esse, L.: in incerto haberi, S.    III. In composition, in retains its n before vowels, and before h, c, d, f, g, consonant i, n, q, s, t, v, usually also before l and r, and very frequently before m, b, p. But the n is usually assimilated before m, b, p, and often before l, r.
    * * *
    I
    in, on, at (space); in accordance with/regard to/the case of; within (time)
    II
    into; about, in the mist of; according to, after (manner); for; to, among

    Latin-English dictionary > in

  • 11 aushalten

    (unreg., trennb., hat -ge-)
    I v/t
    1. put up with, endure; bes. bei Verneinung: stand, take; (standhalten) bear up under; (überstehen) stand up to; TECH. (Belastung) tolerate, take; den Vergleich mit jemandem / etw. aushalten stand comparison with s.o. / s.th.; es nicht mehr aushalten vor ( lauter) Angst, Schmerzen, Hitze etc. be so scared, hurt, hot etc. that one cannot take (it) any more; nicht auszuhalten oder zum Aushalten unbearable; so lässt es sich aushalten hum. I could get used to this ( oder come to like this); ich halt’s nicht mehr aus I can’t stand ( oder take) it any longer, I can’t take any more of this; ich halt’s hier nicht mehr aus I can’t stand this place any longer, I’ve (just) got to get out of this place; ich weiß nicht, wie sie es aushalten zu (+ Inf.) I don’t know how they can stand (+ Ger.) wie hältst du es nur bei ihm aus? how (on earth) do you put up with him?; hält er’s bis zur nächsten Raststätte aus? can he hold out ( oder will he last out) till the next service station?; das hältste ja im Kopf nicht aus umg. it’s enough to drive you (a)round the bend
    2. umg., pej. (Liebhaber etc.) keep; er lässt sich von ihr aushalten he’s her kept man, he lives off her
    3. MUS. (Note, Ton) hold
    II v/i (ausdauern) hold out; er hält nirgends lange aus he never lasts long in any place
    * * *
    das Aushalten
    perseverance
    * * *
    aus|hal|ten sep
    1. vt
    1) (= ertragen können) to bear, to stand, to endure; (= standhalten) Gewicht etc to bear; Druck to stand, to withstand; jds Blick to return

    den Vergleich mit etw áúshalten — to bear comparison with sth

    es lässt sich áúshalten — it's bearable

    hier lässt es sich áúshalten — this is not a bad place

    ich halte es vor Hitze/zu Hause nicht mehr aus — I can't stand the heat/being at home any longer

    er hält es in keiner Stellung lange aus — he never stays in one job for long

    wie kann man es bei der Firma bloß áúshalten? — how can anyone stand working for that firm?

    es bis zum Ende áúshalten (auf Party etc) — to stay until the end

    hältst dus noch bis zur nächsten Tankstelle aus? (inf) — can you hold out till the next garage?

    er hält viel aus — he can take a lot

    er hält nicht viel aus — he can't take much

    ein Stoff, der viel áúshalten muss — a material which has to take a lot of wear (and tear)

    2) Ton to hold
    3) (inf = unterhalten) to keep

    sich von jdm áúshalten lassen — to be kept by sb

    2. vi
    1) (= durchhalten) to hold out

    hältst du noch aus? — can you hold out( any longer)?

    2)

    auf einem Ton áúshalten — to hold a note

    * * *
    1) (to bear patiently; to tolerate: She endures her troubles bravely; I can endure her rudeness no longer.) endure
    2) ((also hold the line) (of a person who is making a telephone call) to wait: Mr Brown is busy at the moment - will you hold or would you like him to call you back?) hold
    3) (to go on resisting or to refuse to yield: The garrison stood out (against the besieging army) as long as possible.) stand out
    * * *
    aus|hal·ten
    I. vt
    1. (ertragen können)
    ▪ es \aushalten to bear [or stand] [or endure] it
    er hält es in keiner Stellung lange aus he never stays in one job for long
    hältst du es noch eine Stunde aus? can you hold out [or manage] another hour?
    hält ein Mensch das überhaupt aus? is it humanly possible?
    man kann es wochenlang ohne Essen \aushalten you can go without food for weeks
    hier lässt es sich \aushalten it's not a bad place
    mit ihm lässt es sich \aushalten he's OK really fam
    ▪ etw \aushalten to stand [or bear] sth
    die Kälte \aushalten to endure the cold
    jds Blick \aushalten to return sb's stare
    sie ist nicht zum A\aushalten! she's awful!
    ▪ etw \aushalten to be resistant to sth
    eine hohe Temperatur \aushalten to withstand a high temperature
    viel \aushalten to take a lot; Stoff to take a lot of wear [and tear]
    eine hohe Last \aushalten to bear a heavy load
    den Druck \aushalten to [with]stand the pressure; s.a. Vergleich
    ▪ jdn \aushalten to keep [or support] sb
    II. vi to hold out
    hältst du noch aus? can you hold out [any longer]?
    * * *
    1.
    unregelmäßiges transitives Verb
    1) stand, bear, endure <pain, suffering, hunger, blow, noise, misery, heat, etc.>; withstand <attack, pressure, load, test, wear and tear>; stand up to <strain, operation>

    den Vergleich mit jemandem/etwas aushalten — stand comparison with somebody/something

    es lässt sich aushalten — it's bearable; I can put up with it

    es ist nicht/nicht mehr zum Aushalten — it is/has become unbearable or more than anyone can bear

    2) (ugs. abwertend): (jemandes Unterhalt bezahlen) keep

    er lässt sich von seiner Freundin aushalten — he gets his girlfriend to keep him

    2.
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb (durchhalten) hold out
    * * *
    aushalten (irr, trennb, hat -ge-)
    A. v/t
    1. put up with, endure; besonders bei Verneinung: stand, take; (standhalten) bear up under; (überstehen) stand up to; TECH (Belastung) tolerate, take;
    den Vergleich mit jemandem/etwas aushalten stand comparison with sb/sth;
    es nicht mehr aushalten vor (lauter) Angst, Schmerzen, Hitze etc be so scared, hurt, hot etc that one cannot take (it) any more;
    zum Aushalten unbearable;
    so lässt es sich aushalten hum I could get used to this ( oder come to like this);
    ich halt’s nicht mehr aus I can’t stand ( oder take) it any longer, I can’t take any more of this;
    ich halt’s hier nicht mehr aus I can’t stand this place any longer, I’ve (just) got to get out of this place;
    ich weiß nicht, wie sie es aushalten zu (+inf) I don’t know how they can stand (+ger)
    wie hältst du es nur bei ihm aus? how (on earth) do you put up with him?;
    hält er’s bis zur nächsten Raststätte aus? can he hold out ( oder will he last out) till the next service station?;
    das hältste ja im Kopf nicht aus umg it’s enough to drive you (a)round the bend
    2. umg, pej (Liebhaber etc) keep;
    er lässt sich von ihr aushalten he’s her kept man, he lives off her
    3. MUS (Note, Ton) hold
    B. v/i (ausdauern) hold out;
    er hält nirgends lange aus he never lasts long in any place
    * * *
    1.
    unregelmäßiges transitives Verb
    1) stand, bear, endure <pain, suffering, hunger, blow, noise, misery, heat, etc.>; withstand <attack, pressure, load, test, wear and tear>; stand up to <strain, operation>

    den Vergleich mit jemandem/etwas aushalten — stand comparison with somebody/something

    es lässt sich aushalten — it's bearable; I can put up with it

    es ist nicht/nicht mehr zum Aushalten — it is/has become unbearable or more than anyone can bear

    2) (ugs. abwertend): (jemandes Unterhalt bezahlen) keep
    2.
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb (durchhalten) hold out
    * * *
    v.
    to bear v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: bore, borne)
    to endure v.
    to hold out v.
    to sustain v.
    to withstand v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: withstood)

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > aushalten

  • 12 verstärken

    I v/t strengthen; TECH., MIL. reinforce; ETECH. boost; ETRON. (Instrument): amplify; (steigern) increase, boost; (Eindruck) add to; das Team um einen Angreifer / im Angriff verstärken strengthen the team by adding an attacker / in attack
    II v/refl increase; Verdacht etc.: grow; sich im Angriff etc. verstärken become stronger in attack etc.
    * * *
    to amplify; to reinforce; to heighten; to strengthen; to deepen; to reenforce; to intensify; to fortify;
    sich verstärken
    to increase
    * * *
    ver|stạ̈r|ken ptp verstä\#rkt
    1. vt
    Eindruck, Truppen, Mannschaft, Präsenz to reinforce; Argumente, Mauer auch to strengthen; Spannung, Zweifel, Zusammenarbeit to intensify, to increase; (CHEM) to concentrate; (PHOT) to intensify; (ELEC) Signal, Strom, Spannung to boost, to amplify; Stimme, Musik, Musikinstrument to amplify
    2. vr (fig)
    to intensify; (= sich vermehren) to increase
    * * *
    1) (to make (the sound from a radio, record-player etc) louder by using an amplifier.) amplify
    2) (to make stronger: I've reinforced the elbows of this jacket with leather patches; Extra troops will be sent to reinforce the army.) reinforce
    3) (to increase: His troubles were deepening.) deepen
    * * *
    ver·stär·ken *
    I. vt
    ▪ etw \verstärken to strengthen sth; (durch stärkeres Material a.) to reinforce sth
    ▪ etw [auf etw akk/um etw akk] \verstärken to increase sth [to/by sth]
    Truppen \verstärken to reinforce troops
    ▪ etw \verstärken to intensify [or increase] sth
    ▪ etw \verstärken to increase sth
    ▪ etw \verstärken to amplify [or boost] sth
    II. vr
    ▪ sich akk \verstärken to increase
    der anfängliche Eindruck verstärkte sich the initial impression was reinforced
    * * *
    1.
    2) (zahlenmäßig) reinforce <troops, garrison, etc.> (um by); enlarge, augment <orchestra, choir> (um by)
    3) (intensiver machen) intensify, increase <effort, contrast, impression, suspicion>; (lauter machen) amplify <signal, sound, guitar, etc.>
    2.
    reflexives Verb increase
    * * *
    A. v/t strengthen; TECH, MIL reinforce; ELEK boost; Elektronik: (Instrument): amplify; (steigern) increase, boost; (Eindruck) add to;
    das Team um einen Angreifer/im Angriff verstärken strengthen the team by adding an attacker/in attack
    B. v/r increase; Verdacht etc: grow;
    verstärken become stronger in attack etc
    * * *
    1.
    2) (zahlenmäßig) reinforce <troops, garrison, etc.> (um by); enlarge, augment <orchestra, choir> (um by)
    3) (intensiver machen) intensify, increase <effort, contrast, impression, suspicion>; (lauter machen) amplify <signal, sound, guitar, etc.>
    2.
    reflexives Verb increase
    * * *
    v.
    to amplify v.
    to boost v.
    to fortify v.
    to intensify v.
    to reenforce v.
    to reinforce v.
    to strengthen v.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > verstärken

  • 13 guarnicionar

    v.
    to garrison, to provide with troops.
    * * *
    VT (Mil) to garrison, man

    Spanish-English dictionary > guarnicionar

  • 14 Р-203

    В РУЖЬЁ! mil PrepP Invar
    1. стать, встать и т. п. - ( subj-compl with copula (subj: human pl or a noun denoting a unit of ground forces)) (to get) in formation with weapons in hand: Х-ы стали в ружье - Xs came to arms (to the ready)
    Xs prepared for combat (for battle).
    Роте была дана команда стать в ружье. The company was given the order to prepare for battle
    2. поставить, поднять кого-что - lobj-compl with поставить, поднять ( obj: human or a noun denoting a unit of ground forces)) (to bring) to a state of military preparedness
    X поднял Y-ob в ружье - X placed Ys on combat (battle) alert
    X called Ys to arms.
    По сигналу тревоги капитан поднял роту в ружье. When the alarm was sounded, the captain placed his company on combat alert.
    3. ( indep. sent) used as a command to make ready for battle
    to arms!
    Кто-то заливисто и испуганно кричал возле дверей: «В ружье!.. В ружье!..» (Шолохов 3). Someone shouted wildly at the door, "To arms!...To arms!" (3a)
    4. стоять - obs
    subj-compl with стоять (subj: human, usu. pl, or a noun denoting a unit of ground forces)! (to be) in a state of battle readiness
    on alert
    at the ready under arms ready for battle.
    Мы пошли на вал... Там уже толпились все жители крепости. Гарнизон стоял в ружьё (Пушкин 2). We made our way to the rampart. All the inhabitants of the fortress were already crowded there. The garrison was under arms (2b).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > Р-203

  • 15 в ружье!

    [PrepP; Invar]
    =====
    1. стать, встать и т.п. - [subj-compl with copula (subj: human pl or a noun denoting a unit of ground forces)]
    ⇒ (to get) in formation with weapons in hand:
    - X-ы стали в ружье≈ Xs came to arms (to the ready);
    - Xs prepared for combat (for battle).
         ♦ Роте была дана команда стать в ружье. The company was given the order to prepare for battle
    2. поставить, поднять кого-что в ружье! [obj-compl with поставить, поднять (obj: human or a noun denoting a unit of ground forces)]
    ⇒ (to bring) to a state of military preparedness:
    - X поднял Y-ов в ружье≈ X placed Ys on combat (battle) alert;
    - X called Ys to arms.
         ♦ По сигналу тревоги капитан поднял роту в ружье. When the alarm was sounded, the captain placed his company on combat alert.
    3. [indep. sent]
    ⇒ used as a command to make ready for battle:
    - to arms!
         ♦ Кто-то заливисто и испуганно кричал возле дверей: "В ружье!.. В ружье!.." (Шолохов 3). Someone shouted wildly at the door, "To arms!...To arms!" (3a)
    4. стоять ≈ obs [subj-compl with стоять (subj: human, usu. pl, or a noun denoting a unit of ground forces)]
    ⇒ (to be) in a state of battle readiness:
    - ready for battle.
         ♦ Мы пошли на вал... Там уже толпились все жители крепости. Гарнизон стоял в ружьё (Пушкин 2). We made our way to the rampart. All the inhabitants of the fortress were already crowded there. The garrison was under arms (2b).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > в ружье!

  • 16 obsa|dzić

    pf — obsa|dzać impf vt 1. (zasadzić) to plant
    - rolnik obsadził pole kartoflami the farmer planted the field with potatoes
    - ścieżka obsadzona żywopłotem z ligustra a path hedged with common privet
    2. (umocować) to mount, to fix [drzwi, kołek]; to mount [koło]
    - obsadzić świecę w świeczniku to put a candle in a candlestick
    3. (powierzyć stanowisko) to fill
    - pozostało jeszcze dziesięć miejsc do obsadzenia there are still ten places to fill
    - wszystkie stanowiska obsadził swoimi krewnymi he filled all the posts with his own relatives
    - w jaki sposób zamierzasz obsadzić etaty w szkole? how are you going to staff your school?
    4. Kino, Teatr (dać rolę) to cast
    - obsadzono ją w roli Królewny Śnieżki she was cast in the role of Snow White
    - obsadzić rolę/sztukę to cast a part/a play
    - obsadzenie go w roli Hamleta było pomyłką he was badly miscast as Hamlet
    5. (zasiąść) to sit
    - tłum obsadził schody the crowd sat on the stairs
    6. Ryboł. (zarybić) to stock
    - obsadzić staw okoniami to stock the pond with bass
    7. Wojsk. to garrison [twierdzę]; to man [barykadę]; to occupy [miasto, wioskę]

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > obsa|dzić

  • 17 Albuquerque, Joaquim Mousinho de

    (1855-1902)
       Portugal's most celebrated colonial soldier of the modern era, governor and conqueror of the Gaza state in Mozambique. A career army officer with noble lineage, "Mousinho," as he became known to his generation, later helped to shape Portugal's administration and policies in Mozambique, following army service in India. He served largely as a soldier involved in so-called "pacification" campaigns in Mozambique (1890-95) and then as an administrator, where he acted as royal commissioner and governor-general of Mozambique from 1896 to 1898. After he first visited Africa in 1890, the year of the English Ultimatum, the principal part of his career would be devoted to Portuguese Africa, and he was to become a noted authority on African affairs and policies. Appointed governor of the district of Lourenço Marques (today, Maputo) in late 1890, he returned to Portugal in 1892, then became part of the most famous military expedition to Portuguese Africa of the modern era, the 1895 force sent to Mozambique to conquer the African state of Gaza, in southern Mozambique. Albuquerque distinguished himself in this bloody campaign; at the battle of Coolela, on 7 November 1895, Portuguese forces using the novel machine gun defeated and slaughtered the army of Gaza king Gungunyane. Following his appointment as military governor of the Gaza district, Albuquerque grew impatient with the failure of his superiors to give the coup d'grace to the Gaza kingdom by killing or capturing its leader, Gungunyane, who had escaped after the battle of Coolela. With a small force, Mousinho raided his refuge at Chaimite, Mozambique, and captured Gungunyane, who did not resist (January 1896). These bold deeds in the 1895 campaign and the surprise kidnapping of Mozambique's most powerful African leader made Albuquerque a hero in Portugal and a colonial celebrity in several other European states. Among the honors showered upon this unusual soldier was the 1896 double appointment as governor-general and royal commissioner of Mozambique colony. His service as chief administrator of Portugal's second most important African territory during 1896-98 was significant but frustrating. His efforts at sweeping reforms, rejuvenation, and decentralization of authority and power were noble but made little impact at the time. He resigned in anger after his failure to move the Lisbon colonial bureaucracy and returned to a restless, relatively inactive life in Portugal. Unable to adjust to dull garrison duty, after he completed his masterful colonial report-memoir on his African service (Mozambique, 1896-98), Albuquerque in vain sought new challenges. Briefly he served as tutor to Prince Luís, heir apparent of King Carlos I, but his efforts to volunteer as an officer in wars in South Africa and China failed. His idea of a military dictatorship to reform a lagging constitutional monarchy rejected both by his patron, King Carlos, and by much of the political elite, Lieutenant Colonel Mousinho de Albuquerque found life too painful to bear. On 8 January 1902, while on a Lisbon tram, Albuquerque committed suicide with his own pistol. His importance for future colonial policy in Africa was manifest as Portugal made efforts to decentralize and reform administration until 1930. After 1930, his personal legend as a brave colonial soldier who was an epitome of patriotism grew and was exploited by the dictatorship led by Sala- zar. Mousinho de Albuquerque was adopted by this regime, between 1930 and 1960, as the military-colonial patron saint of the regime and as an example to Portuguese youth. The name of the place where he surprised Gungunyane, Chaimite, was adopted as the name of an armored car used by the Portuguese Army in its post-1961 campaigns in Africa.
        See also Carlos I, King; Generation of 1895.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Albuquerque, Joaquim Mousinho de

  • 18 India, Portuguese

       Formerly a Portuguese colony, and all that remained of Portugal's Indian holdings of the 16th and 17th centuries, Goa, Damão, and Diu are located on the western coast of the Indian subcontinent. These three enclaves, comprising an area of about 2,473 square kilometers (1,537 square miles), were acquired by Portugal during the 16th century after the initial voyage of Vasco da Gama (1497-99), which discovered the sea route to the Indies from Portugal. Beginning in 1510, Goa was the capital of the Portuguese State of India, which had jurisdiction over Portugal's holdings in eastern Africa as well as in Asia. Goa became not only an administrative capital but a center for religion and education. Various Catholic religious orders, such as the Franciscans, Dominicans, and Jesuits, used Goa as a base for missionary efforts in Asia. Most notable among them was St. Francis Xavier. Goa had a colonial golden age in the 16th and 17th centuries, as churches, seminaries, and colleges flourished. In time, Goa was bypassed, and the capital of Portuguese India was transferred first to Mormugao and then to Pangim.
       For religious and political reasons, not economic, Portugal held on to Portuguese India when confronted after World War II with Indian nationalism. Pressures to leave Goa, Damão, and Diu mounted throughout the 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947. In December 1961, after numerous alarms and efforts by Indian and Goan nationalists to employ passive resistance to oust Portuguese control, India's Nehru ordered the Indian army to invade, conquer, and annex Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporate them as part of the Indian Union. With most of its armed forces in the African territories at the time and with Britain refusing to allow the use of British bases to reinforce Portugal's small garrison in Portuguese India, Portuguese armed forces resisted only briefly. Salazar's government dealt harshly with the forces that surrendered in India and were made prisoners of war. Lisbon negotiated their release without enthusiasm. Lisbon affected to ignore the facts of India's conquest, annexation, and absorption of former Portuguese India; refused to recognize the action's legality internationally; and continued to seat "deputies" from "Portuguese India" in the National Assembly of Portugal until the Revolution of 25 April 1974. Resentment against Salazar's treatment of the army in India was one of the stated reasons later for the military conspiracy and 1974 coup of the Armed Forces Movement.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > India, Portuguese

  • 19 Carnot, Nicolas Léonard Sadi

    [br]
    b. 1 June 1796 Paris, France
    d. 24 August 1831 Paris, France
    [br]
    French laid the foundations for modern thermodynamics through his book Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu when he stated that the efficiency of an engine depended on the working substance and the temperature drop between the incoming and outgoing steam.
    [br]
    Sadi was the eldest son of Lazare Carnot, who was prominent as one of Napoleon's military and civil advisers. Sadi was born in the Palais du Petit Luxembourg and grew up during the Napoleonic wars. He was tutored by his father until in 1812, at the minimum age of 16, he entered the Ecole Polytechnique to study stress analysis, mechanics, descriptive geometry and chemistry. He organized the students to fight against the allies at Vincennes in 1814. He left the Polytechnique that October and went to the Ecole du Génie at Metz as a student second lieutenant. While there, he wrote several scientific papers, but on the Restoration in 1815 he was regarded with suspicion because of the support his father had given Napoleon. In 1816, on completion of his studies, Sadi became a second lieutenant in the Metz engineering regiment and spent his time in garrison duty, drawing up plans of fortifications. He seized the chance to escape from this dull routine in 1819 through an appointment to the army general staff corps in Paris, where he took leave of absence on half pay and began further courses of study at the Sorbonne, Collège de France, Ecole des Mines and the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers. He was inter-ested in industrial development, political economy, tax reform and the fine arts.
    It was not until 1821 that he began to concentrate on the steam-engine, and he soon proposed his early form of the Carnot cycle. He sought to find a general solution to cover all types of steam-engine, and reduced their operation to three basic stages: an isothermal expansion as the steam entered the cylinder; an adiabatic expansion; and an isothermal compression in the condenser. In 1824 he published his Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu, which was well received at the time but quickly forgotten. In it he accepted the caloric theory of heat but pointed out the impossibility of perpetual motion. His main contribution to a correct understanding of a heat engine, however, lay in his suggestion that power can be produced only where there exists a temperature difference due "not to an actual consumption of caloric but to its transportation from a warm body to a cold body". He used the analogy of a water-wheel with the water falling around its circumference. He proposed the true Carnot cycle with the addition of a final adiabatic compression in which motive power was con sumed to heat the gas to its original incoming temperature and so closed the cycle. He realized the importance of beginning with the temperature of the fire and not the steam in the boiler. These ideas were not taken up in the study of thermodynartiics until after Sadi's death when B.P.E.Clapeyron discovered his book in 1834.
    In 1824 Sadi was recalled to military service as a staff captain, but he resigned in 1828 to devote his time to physics and economics. He continued his work on steam-engines and began to develop a kinetic theory of heat. In 1831 he was investigating the physical properties of gases and vapours, especially the relationship between temperature and pressure. In June 1832 he contracted scarlet fever, which was followed by "brain fever". He made a partial recovery, but that August he fell victim to a cholera epidemic to which he quickly succumbed.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1824, Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu; pub. 1960, trans. R.H.Thurston, New York: Dover Publications; pub. 1978, trans. Robert Fox, Paris (full biographical accounts are provided in the introductions of the translated editions).
    Further Reading
    Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 1971, Vol. III, New York: C.Scribner's Sons. T.I.Williams (ed.), 1969, A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists, London: A. \& C.
    Black.
    Chambers Concise Dictionary of Scientists, 1989, Cambridge.
    D.S.L.Cardwell, 1971, from Watt to Clausius. The Rise of Thermodynamics in the Early Industrial Age, London: Heinemann (discusses Carnot's theories of heat).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Carnot, Nicolas Léonard Sadi

  • 20 З-26

    ПОД (ПО) (САМУЮ) ЪАВЙЖУ highly coll PrepP these forms only fixed WO
    1. наполнить, нагрузить, набить что (чем or, less often, кем) \З-26 ( usu. adv
    (to fill, load etc sth.) to its uppermost physical capacity, to a point beyond which it is impossible, unadvisable, unrealistic etc to go
    to the limit
    right to the top chock-full (chockful) full up to the breaking (bursting etc) point (so that) there isn't room for (more (another NP etc)).
    "...Нагрузили мою машину снарядами по самую завязку»... (Шолохов 1). "...My lorry was loaded with shells right to the top..." (1a). "We loaded up my lorry chockful of shells" (1c).
    «...Мы этого вашего Чонкина в настоящий момент до себя ( substand = к себе) взять не можем, местов ( substand = мест) нету. Гарнизонная гауптвахта - под завязку» (Войнович 4). "We are not taking that Chonkin of yours at the present moment because we have no room here. The garrison guardhouse is full up" (4a).
    Вот это квас! Аж дух зашибает. Погоди, бабка, не уноси. Сейчас я сбегаю по малому делу, ешё выпью, а то уж некуда, под завязку» (Войнович 5). "That's kvass. Takes your breath away. Hold on, don't take it away. I'll go run and take a leak and then I'll have some more. There isn't room for another drop in me right now" (5a).
    2. - чего (у кого, в ком) (quantit subj-compl with copula ( subj / gen: abstr or concr) or adv
    (of work, some emotion, some quality etc) sth. is present in the most extreme ( usu. maximum) amount possible, tolerable etc: у Y-a X-a \З-26 = Y has all the X he can handle
    Y is up to his neck (his ears etc) in X (of work only) Y is swamped (plowed under, snowed under) with X.

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > З-26

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